31. leave out

[1] 漏掉

You made a mistake—You’ve left out a letter “t”.你出错了—你漏掉了一个字母t.

[2] 删掉, 没用

I haven’t changed or left out athing.我没有作出变动也没有删掉任何东西。

32. stare at （由于好奇、激动等张着嘴巴，睁大眼睛地）

[1] 凝视，盯着看

Don’t stare at foreigners. It’s impolite.不要盯着外国人看，这样不礼貌。

[2] glare at （to stare angrily at）怒视着

33. make jokes about 就……说笑

They make jokes about my old hat.他们就我的旧帽子说笑我。

[1] have a joke with … about…跟某人开关于某事的玩笑

He stopped to have a joke with me.他停下来跟我开玩笑。

[2] play a joke on…开某人的玩笑

We played jokes on each other. 我们互相开玩笑。

[3] v. joke about 取笑

They joked about my broken English.他们取笑我蹩脚的英。

34. take over  接管；接替；继承

[1] What is good and still useful should be taken over.好的有用的东西应当继承。

[2] Our chairman has left, so Jack will take over (his job).我们的主席走了，因此杰克将接管（他的工作）。

35. break down

[1] 破坏；拆散

①Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances. 人体中的化学元素把食物分解成有用的物质。

②The peace talks are said to have broken down. (喻)据说和谈破裂了。

[2]（机器）损坏

①Our truck broke down outside town. 我们的卡车在城外抛锚了。

②The car broke down halfway to the destination.汽车在到达目的地的中途抛锚了。

[3] 失败；破裂

Their opposition broke down.他们的反对意见打消了。

[4] 精神崩溃；失去控制

He broke down and wept. 他不禁失声痛哭。

[5] 起化学变化

Food is broken down by chemicals. 化学物质引起食物转化。

36. get on one’s feet

[1] 站起来;站起来发言

[2] (=stand on one's feet)自立, 经济上独立

[3] (人)病好了, 可以起床了; (使)恢复, 复苏(指企业)

37. go through

[1] 经历；经受；遭到

These countries have gone / been through too many wars.这些国家饱经战火。

[2] 完成；做完

I didn't want to go through college.我不想上完大学。

[3] 通过；批准

①The law has gone through Parliament. 议会已经通过了这项法案。

②Their plans went through. 他们的计划得到了批准。

[4] 全面检查；搜查

They went through our luggage at the customs.在海关他们检查了我们的行李。

38.take over  接管；接替；继承

①what is good and still useful should be taken over.好的有用的东西应当继承。

②Our chairman has left, so Jack will take over (his job).我们的主席走了，因此杰克将接管（他的工作）。

二、常考句型

39. “So + be／have／助动词／情态动词＋主词”的结构。此结构中的语序是倒装的，“So”代替上句中的某个成分。如果上面一句是否定句，则使用“Neither/Nor+be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语”的结构。

[1] He’s tired, and so am I. (＝I’ m also tired．)

[2] You can swim，and so can I．(＝I can also swim．)

She has had supper，and so can I．(＝I’ve had lunch，too．)

[3] Tom speaks English，and so does his sister．(＝His sister speaks English，too．)

A: I went to the park yesterday．

B: So did I．(＝I also went to the park yesterday．)

40.“So +主语+be／have／助动词／情态动词”结构中的主谓是正常语序，so相当于indeed,certainly, 表示说话人对前面或对方所说情况的肯定、赞同或证实，语气较强，意思是“确实如此”。

A：It was cold yesterday．昨天很冷。

B：So it was．的确如此。(＝Yes，it was．)

A：You seem to like sports．

B：So I do．(＝Yes，I do．)

A：It will be fine tomorrow．

B：So it will．(＝Yes ，it will．)

41.“主语+do/does/did + so”结构指的是按上句的要求做了。此句型中do so代替上文中要求做的事，以免重复。

My Chinese teacher told me to hand in my composition on time and I did so.(=I handed inmy composition on time.)

语文老师叫我按时交作文, 我照办了。

42. So it is with…或 It is the same with…句型表示 “……(的情况)也是如此。”当前面的句子中有几种不同形式的谓语时，要表示相同情况，必须使用本句型，不能使用so 引起的倒装句。

She doesn’t play the piano, but she likes singing. So it is with my sister.

43. There you are. 行了，好。 这是一句表示一种事情告一段落或有了最终结果的用语。

[1] There you are! Then let's have some coffee.

除此之外，还可以表示“瞧，对吧（果然如此）”的语气。

[2] There you are! I knew we should find it at last.

对吧！我就知道我们最终能找到的。

44. have some difficulty (in) doing sth. 干某事有困难；接名词时，常用句型：have some difficulty with sth.

[1] Do you have any difficulty (in) understanding English?

你理解英语口语有困难吗？

[1] She said she had some difficulty with pronunciation.

她说她在发音方面有困难。

45. have a good knowledge of sth. “掌握……”，“对……有某种程度的了解”

[1] He has a good knowledge of London.

他对伦敦有所了解。

[2] A good knowledge of languages is always useful.

三、长难句

46. Wei Bin took out some peanuts and it was fun to see the monkey eat from his hand.魏彬拿出一些花生。看着猴子从他手上吃花生，很有趣。

[1] fun “好玩，趣事”，不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词a

You’re sure to have some fun at the party tonight. 今天晚上你肯定会玩得很开心。

[2] make fun of“取笑”，“嘲弄”。

People make fun of him only because he is wearing such a strange jacket.人们嘲笑他只是因为他穿了一件那么奇怪的衣服。

funny adj. “可笑的，滑稽的”

He looks very funny in his father’s jacket.他穿着他父亲的衣服，看上去很滑稽。

47. It is polite to finish eating everything on your plate.把你盘子里所有东西吃完是有礼貌的。

这是一个动词不定式作主语的句型，其中to finish eating everything 是主语，it是形式主语。

四、常考语法

48. 直接引语和间接引语

[1] 直接引语在改为间接引语时，时态需要做相应的调整。

(一般过去时改成过去完成时)

I broke your CD player.→

He told me he had broken my CD player.

(现在完成时改成过去完成时)

Jenny said, “I have lost a book.”→

Jenny said she had lost a book.

(一般将来时改成过去将来时)

Mum said, “I’ll go to see a friend.”→

Mum said she would go to see a friend.

（过去完成时保留原有的时态）

He said, “We hadn’t finished our homework.”→

He said they hadn’t finished their homework.

注意：直接引语是客观真理，过去进行时，时态不变。

[2] 在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语时第一人称或被第一人称所修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。如：

Mary said, “My brother is an engineer.”→

Mary said her brother was and engineer.

[3] 直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句。如：

He said, “Can you run, Mike?”→

He asked Mike whether/if he could run.

[4] 直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“tell(ask, order, beg等)  (not) to do sth.”句型。如：

“Pass me the water, please.”said he.→

He asked him to pass her the water.

[5] 直接引语如果是以“Let’s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest+动名词或从句”的结构。如：

She said, “Let’s go to the cinema.”→

She suggested going to the cinema.

或She suggested that they should go to the cinema.

49. 现在进行时表将来的动作

现在进行时表将来的动作，谓语通常为瞬间动词。如：come, go, arrive, leave, start, return, stay, meet, get等。这些动词的进行时后不能再接具体的时间。

[1] 用现在进行时表示将来，指的是近期的，按计划或安排要发生的动作。

[2] 现在进行时表示将来与表示正在进行的动作的区别在于：前者通常用瞬间动词（有时一些常用动词也可以这样用如：do）如：go, come, start, return, get, arrive等。而后者通常是持续性动词。

① The train is arriving soon. 火车就要进站了。

② He is reading a novel. 他在看小说。

[3] 用现在进行时表示将来的时间，在句中或上下文中通常有表示将来时间的状语。

[4] 现在进行时与一般现在时表示将来动作的区别在于：前者表示的将来的动作往往是可以改变的，而后者则是根据规定或时间表预计要发生的动作或事情，因此往往是不可改变或不可随便改变的。

① What are you doing next Friday?

下星期五你们打算干什么？

② The plane takes off at 7：30 tonight.

飞机今晚七点半起飞。

50. 主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有as well as, but ,except, besides, with ,along with, together with, like 等，谓语动词仍用单数。

The teacher as well as his students is excited.